Some of the properties of wood–plastic composites

In this study some of the important properties of experimentally manufactured wood–plastic composites (WPC) were determined. Specimen having 60% and 80% particle and fiber of radiata pine (Pinus radiata ) were mixed with polypropylene (plastic) and four different additives, namely Structor TR 016 which is coupling agent, CIBA anti-microbial agent (IRGAGUARD F3510) as fungicide, CIBA UV filter coating (TINUVIN 123S), CIBA blue pigment (Irgalite), and their combinations. Based on the initial finding of this work static bending properties of the samples enhanced as above chemicals were added into both particle and fiber-based specimens. Thickness swelling of the samples were also improved with having additives in the panels. Micrographs taken on scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that coupling agent and pigment resulted in more homogeneous mixture of wood and plastic together. Two surface roughness parameters average roughness (R_a) and maximum roughness (R_max) used to evaluate surface characteristics of the samples showed that particle based samples had rougher surface characteristics than those of fiber based ones. No significant influence of chemicals added in the samples was found on surface roughness values of the samples manufactured from particle and fiber of radiata pine.     

Simultaneous microbial removal of carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus in a modified anaerobic/aerobic (A/O) bioreactor with no phosphorus release

A modified anaerobic/aerobic (A/O) bioreactor that simultaneously removed carbon, nitrogen ( ‐N) and phosphorus ( ‐P) was continuously run and debugged. After 34 days of reactor operation, the removal efficiencies of ‐N, carbon (glucose) and ‐P reached 99.26, 95.81 and 94.35%, respectively. Notably, the ammonium removal with no accumulation of nitrite ( ‐N) and nitrate ( ‐N) in the anaerobic part supported the occurrence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification and no ‐P was released during the removal process of phosphorus. Moreover, the principal component analysis and response surface methodology based on the Box–Behnken design were applied to determine the optimal removal conditions for volatile suspended solids (VSS) (335 mg/L), ‐N (60 mg/L), glucose (900 mg/L) and pH (7). Finally, phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial consortium was conducted by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, which demonstrated that Clostridium and Proteobacteria were the potential functional groups in the anaerobic tank of the A/O bioreactor.     

Removal of organics and nutrients from food wastewater using combined thermophilic two-phase anaerobic digestion and shortcut biological nitrogen removal

A process combining pilot-scale two-phase anaerobic digestion and shortcut biological nitrogen removal (SBNR) was developed to treat organics and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from food wastewater. The thermophilic two-phase anaerobic digestion process was investigated without adjusting the pH of the wastewater for the pre-acidification process. The digested food wastewater was treated using the SBNR process without supplemental carbon sources or alkalinity. Under these circumstances, the combined system was able to remove about 99% of COD, 88% of TN, and 97% of TP. However, considerable amounts of nutrients were removed due to chemical precipitation processes between the anaerobic digestion and SBNR. The average TN removal efficiency of the SBNR process was about 74% at very low C/N (TCOD/TN) ratio of 2. The SBNR process removed about 39% of TP from the digested food wastewater. Conclusively, application of the combined system improved organic removal efficiency while producing valuable energy (biogas), removed nitrogen at a low C/N ratio, and conserved additional resources (carbon and alkalinity).     

剩余污泥回流至初沉池对A/O污水处理系统的影响

基于静态模拟试验结果，进行了将A／O处理工艺中二沉池剩余污泥按比例回流至初沉池的生产性试验，运行结果显示，这一措施能明显提高初沉池的沉淀效率，且当剩余污泥的回流比例为40％～60％时，初沉池对SS、COD等去除效果最佳，同时可提高A／O池进水的可生化性及处理能力，并降低浓缩池出泥含水率。该工艺运行稳定，可有效降低污水处理厂的总体运行成本。     

短好氧泥龄下A2/O和BAF联合工艺的脱氮除磷特性

采用小试装置,研究了短好氧污泥龄下A2/O和BAF联合工艺处理低C/N和C/P污水时的脱氮除磷特性.结果表明,通过提高A2/O工艺段的厌氧区有机负荷和缺氧区硝酸盐负荷对反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）进行选择和强化后,其在聚磷菌（PAOs）中的比例维持在28%左右,工艺具有部分反硝化除磷能力,能够减少脱氮除磷过程中对碳源的总需求量.但在联合工艺中,好氧除磷仍是主要的除磷方式.在A2/O工艺段内,好氧污泥龄在满足好氧PAOs存活的同时,还必须满足抑制硝化细菌生长的要求,且为了保证工艺对磷的整体去除效果,混合液在好氧区的接触时间须大于30 min.此外,以保证缺氧区出水中含有1～4 mg/L的硝态氮为原则来控制BAF出水的回流量,可达到较好的脱氮除磷效果.该联合工艺结合了活性污泥工艺和生物膜工艺的优点,运行稳定,出水水质优良,不仅适合于新建污水处理厂,也特别适合于不能脱氮除磷污水处理厂的技术改造.     

粉煤灰在混凝土中的应用技术

混凝土技术的发展,包括水泥活性、细度提高,以及化学外加剂,尤其是高效减水剂的广泛应用,混凝土水胶比可以大幅度降低,使粉煤灰在混凝土中的作用发生变化,充分认识这种变化带来的影响,推进粉煤灰在混凝土中大掺量地应用,可以改善混凝土的性能、节约水泥,有利于环境保护、节能,促进混凝土技术的可持续发展。     

Formation of metacinnabar by milling of liquid mercury and elemental sulfur for long term mercury storage

In this paper we present the results of the formation of black HgS (metacinnabar) from liquid mercury and elemental sulfur using the mechanical energy provided by a ball mill in different conditions. Metacinnabar formation was observed even after short milling times (15 min) and unreacted liquid mercury was no longer detected after 60 min of milling. The reaction mechanism was monitored with a scanning electron microscope. The impact and friction forces of milling on the Hg and S mixture resulted in the formation of metacinnabar by reducing the size of mercury drops, giving rise to microspheres, and lowering the surface tension to allow sulfur grains to become adhered at the reaction interface.After 60 min of milling, the metacinnabar formation reaction was observed to be more than 99.99% complete, yielding a Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure value of 3.1 μg/L Hg. The reaction product thus complies with the limits of the most stringent Universal Treatment Standard requirements, which allow a maximum TCLP concentration of 25 μg/L.     

采用ER阻尼器作斜拉索半主动振动控制的试验研究

提出了基于ER/MR阻尼器的半主动控制算法对斜拉索进行振动控制,并进行了振动控制试验。该算法建立在离散时间系统的基础上,并考虑了EP/MR阻尼器的力学特性而发展起来的,因此具有很大的应用价值。首先通过模态降阶的理论,减少了系统的自由度数目,使系统更易于控制。在阻尼器采用Bingham模型的半主动控制策略的基础上,应用更符合阻尼器实际力学特性的双粘性模型,提出了相应的改进办法。然后在试验室建立了缩尺比为1∶12的一根12m长的斜拉索试验模型,考虑到ER阻尼器与MR阻尼器具有相似的力学特性,选用ER阻尼器作为作动器,完成了斜拉索半主动振动控制的试验研究,并与理论结果进行了比较,两者吻合良好。     

FRP片材加固混凝土梁剥离承载力计算及设计

粘贴FRP片材加固混凝土结构的界面剥离是该加固技术的关键问题。根据近年来对FRP片材加固混凝土的界面粘结性能、FRP片材加固混凝土梁的受弯和受剪剥离性能的试验和理论研究,介绍了FRP片材加固混凝土梁的抗弯和抗剪剥离承载力的计算和设计方法,及其有关保证剥离承载力的构造要求。     

FRP-strengthened RC slabs anchored with FRP anchors

An abundance of tests over the last two decades has shown the bending capacity of flexural members such as reinforced concrete (RC) beams and slabs to be enhanced by the bonding of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites to their tension face. The propensity of the FRP to debond, however, limits its effectiveness. Different types of anchorages have therefore been investigated in order to delay or even prevent debonding. The so-called FRP anchor, which is made from rolled fibre sheets or bundles of lose fibres, is particularly suitable for anchoring FRP composites to a variety of structural element shapes. Studies that assess the effectiveness of FRP anchors in anchoring FRP strengthening in flexural members is, however, limited. This paper in turn reports a series of tests on one-way spanning simply supported RC slabs which have been strengthened in flexure with tension face bonded FRP composites and anchored with different arrangements of FRP anchors. The load-deflection responses of all slab tests are plotted, in addition to selected strain results. The behaviours of the specimens including the failure modes are also discussed. The greatest enhancement in load and deflection experienced by the six slabs strengthened with FRP plates and anchored with FRP anchors was 30% and 110%, respectively, over the unanchored FRP-strengthened control slab. The paper also discusses the strategic placement of FRP anchors for optimal strength and deflection enhancement in FRP-strengthened RC slabs.